The Journal of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
The Journal of Interdisciplinary Human Studies ISSN (Online): 3069-8375 Website: https://mijournals.com/Human_Studies/ E-mail: info@mijournals.com Citations Submission
Open Access License and Copyright Terms All articles published in The Journal of Interdisciplinary Human Studies are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction, and adaptation of the work in any medium or format, provided that the original author(s) and the source are properly credited. Authors retain full copyright to their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. ✅ Official license URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Impact Of The Upbringing Process On The Development Of Violent Tendencies In Adolescents
This article examines the impact of the upbringing process, and partic- ularly of family relationships, on the development of violent tendencies in adolescents. It reviews the views of psychologists on the phenomenon of violence, the causes of its emergence, and its principal forms – aggression, bullying, and social maladjustment. Adolescence is characterized as a transitional period accompanied by emotional in- stability, during which unresolved aggression may push a teenager toward destructive groups and delinquency. Special attention is given to family upbringing as a key fac- tor that no educational institution can replace: a warm family environment positively shapes the child’s psychology, whereas parental conflict and the absence of supervision lead to adverse consequences. The article concludes that preventing adolescent violence requires a deeper study of the psychological profile of adolescent bullies and step-by- step preventive work by parents and educators, together with the improvement of psy- cho-prophylactic and psycho-correctional programmes.
International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities Research
Copyright (c) 2026 Nursulton Rayimov (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Study Of Arabic Proverbs And Sayings: A Historical And Linguocultural Analysis
This article examines the historical development and linguocultural significance of Arabic proverbs and sayings (maqol-matallar) within the broader context of paremiological studies. Drawing upon classical Arabic philological traditions and modern folkloristic approaches, the study traces the evolution of proverb scholarship from pre-Islamic Jahiliyya period to contemporary research. The analysis encompasses the theoretical frameworks established by prominent Arab philologists such as Al-Jahiz, Abu Ubayd, and Al-Maydani, as well as the contributions of European and Uzbek scholars to the field. The research employs comparative-historical, structural-semantic, and linguocultural methodologies to investigate the distinctive features that differentiate proverbs (maqol) from sayings (matal) and idiomatic expressions. Particular attention is devoted to the classification systems developed by G.L. Permyakov and their application to Arabic paremiological material. The findings demonstrate that Arabic proverbs constitute an invaluable repository of cultural wisdom, reflecting the historical experiences, ethical values, and worldview of Arab civilization. The study concludes that comprehensive understanding of Arabic proverbs requires interdisciplinary approaches integrating philological, folkloristic, and anthropological perspectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abror DINIQULOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ON THE ACTIVITY OF MU'INIDDIN AL-HIRAVI, A QUR'ANIC EXEGETE OF THE TIMURID PERIOD
This article analyses, from the standpoint of source studies and codicology, the life, scholarly milieu and exegetical legacy of Muʻiniddin Muhammad ibn Hoji Muhammad al-Farahi al-Hiravi (d. 907/1501), a major Qurʼanic exegete (mufassir), traditionist (muhaddith) and preacher (waʼiz) of the Timurid period. The study offers a comparative analysis of such principal historical sources as Alisher Navoiʼs Majolis an-nafois, Khondamirʼs Habib us-siyar and Khulasat al-akhbar, and Mirza Muhammad Haydar Dughlatʼs Tarikh-i Rashidi. The scholarʼs works Hadaiq al-haqaiq, Bahr ad- durar, Al-Waziha fi tafsir al-Fatiha, Ahsan al-qasas and Maʻarij an-nubuwwa fi madarij al-futuwwa are assessed as a scholarly heritage. The article illuminates the authorʼs exegetical methodology, his manner of harmonising transmitted report (riwaya) and reasoned understanding (diraya), his Sufi interpretations, his contribution to the Persian- language exegetical tradition, and his place in the exegetical school of the Timurid period. The influence of Muʻiniddin Farahiʼs legacy on the later Persian exegetical tradition is also assessed, and information about the repositories holding the manuscripts of his works is summarised. The results of the study serve as an important source for studying the history of the Qurʼanic sciences of the Timurid period and the exegetical traditions of Central Asia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamidullo LUTFILLAEV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF SAʻD AL-DIN AL-TAFTAZANIʼS “SHARH AL-MAQASID” AND OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF DOCTRINAL ISSUES
This article analyses the structural composition of “Sharh al-Maqasid,” the largest work on the science of kalam (theology) by Saʻd al-Din al-Taftazani (722– 792/1322–1390), the most renowned scholar of the Hanafi-Maturidi school of the Timurid period, and his approach to the classification of doctrinal (aqida) issues. It shows that, in classifying purely doctrinal matters, al-Taftazani arranged them into six “aims” (maqsad) al-mabadi (the principles), al-umur al-amma (the general matters), al-aʻrad (accidents), al-jawahir (substances), al-ilahiyyat (theology) and al-samʻiyyat (the revealed matters) and compares this with the modern four-fold division of kalam. The article further examines how al-Taftazani distinguished doctrinal from juridical (fiqhi) issues, and demonstrates that the work is an important source not only for kalam and the history of the deviant sects but also for the exact and natural sciences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uktam PALVANOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Grammarians Differ On The Regent Governing The Mubtada (Subject) And Khabar (Predicate)
This article offers a comparative analysis of the views of medieval Arabic grammarians on one of the contested questions of syntax (nahw): the regent (omil) that governs the nominative case (rafʻ) of the mubtada (subject) and the khabar (predicate). It sets out the three positions on the question – those of the Basran school, of Sibawayh and of the Kufan school – and then examines in detail al-Zamakhshariʼs Basran formulation in al-Mufassal, together with the critical commentaries of Qasim al-Khwarizmi and Taj al-Din al-Jandi on that work and al-Jandiʼs logical refutation of the Kufan theory of “mutual requirement.” The article shows that the question rests not only on grammatical but also on logical and philosophical foundations, and that the commentary (sharh) tradition served not merely to explain but also to generate new scholarly ideas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samariddin AHMEDOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Category Of The Mubtada (Subject) And Khabar (Predicate) In Arabic Grammar
This article offers a comparative analysis of the views of medieval Arabic grammarians on one of the contested questions of syntax (nahw): the regent (omil) that governs the nominative case (rafʻ) of the mubtada (subject) and the khabar (predicate). It sets out the three positions on the question those of the Basran school, of Sibawayh and of the Kufan school and then examines in detail al-Zamakhshariʼs Basran formulation in al-Mufassal, together with the critical commentaries of Qasim al-Khwarazmi and Taj al-Din al-Jandi on that work and al-Jandiʼs logical refutation of the Kufan theory of “mutual requirement.” The article shows that the question rests not only on grammatical but also on logical and philosophical foundations, and that the commentary (sharh) tradition served not merely to explain but also to generate new scholarly ideas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulbosit NURILLAYEV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Social-Psychological Characteristics Of Emotions Influencing Self-Destructive Behavior In Adolescent Girls: Theoretical Analysis And Classification
Copyright (c) 2026 Ma’suma SA’DULLAYEVA (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AKMAL AL-DIN AL-BABARTI'S METHODOLOGY IN COMMENTING ON AL-HIDAYAH THROUGH HIS WORK AL-'INAYAH
The present study examines the methodology employed by Akmal al-Din al-Babarti in his renowned commentary al-‘Inayah Sharh al-Hidayah. As one of the most significant commentaries on Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani’s al-Hidayah, the work demonstrates a systematic approach to explaining legal issues, analyzing evidences, comparing juristic opinions, and strengthening the Hanafi legal tradition. The study highlights Babarti’s scholarly background and his contribution to the development of Islamic jurisprudence through his interpretative methodology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sohibjon UMMATALIEV##common.commaListSeparator##AKMAL AL-DIN AL-BABARTIʼS METHODOLOGY IN (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Rise And Evolution Of The Qalandariyya Order In Central Asia
In Central Asia, alongside the Yasawiyya, Kubrawiyya and Naqshbandiyya orders, the Qalandariyya also functioned as an integral part of society, its members encountered in every region of the country. This article investigates the emergence of the Qalandariyya in Central Asia in the eleventh century, the reasons for its appearance and its local situation. At first the Qalandars acted not as a tariqah but as a jamaa (group), soon spreading to Iran, Turkey and India, and by the mid-twelfth century they expanded rapidly as a tariqah in Iran. The article shows that the Qalandars carried out their activities mainly in Samarkand and Tashkent, that Khoja Safo Vali (1660–1740) led the “Qalandarkhona” quarter in Samarkand, and that the Qalandarkhona in Tashkent remained the centre for the Qalandars of the Turkestan region until the mid-twentieth century. Drawing on the documents of the National Archive of Uzbekistan, it analyses the orderʼs activity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and establishes that the movement gradually became passive across Central Asia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nilufar TUYCHIYEVA (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This article studies and interprets the literary and scientific legacy of Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna), whose works are remarkably comprehensive and many-sided and whose exact number remains unknown. Focusing on his poetic heritage, it examines the manuscript and lithograph copies of his Devon (Diwan) – in particular the copy preserved under inventory no. 15303 in the Center of Oriental Manuscripts in Tashkent and the Iraqi edition of 1957 prepared by Husayn Ali Mahfuz – as well as the collection Awj Zuhal. Special attention is given to his versified medical works (urjuzas), above all the celebrated Urjuza fi al-tibb. The article traces the transmission, translation and publication history of these works across the Islamic world and Europe, including the Latin, Hebrew, Turkish, French, Russian and Uzbek translations and the commentaries of Ibn Rushd and others, and surveys the nine urjuzas attributed to Ibn Sina – eight on medicine and one on logic. It concludes that Ibn Sina rendered complex medical and philosophical ideas in verse with high artistic skill, leaving an inexhaustible spiritual heritage for later generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shohsanam BEGIMQULOVA (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role Of The Social Environment In The Manifestation Of Self-Destructive Behavior Among Adolescent Girls: An Emotional Regulation Perspective
This article investigates the role of the social environment in the manifestation of self-destructive behavior among adolescent girls through the lens of emotional regulation theory. Social-psychological conditions within family, peer, and school contexts are examined as determinants of adolescent emotional states. The author identifies key social-psychological factors that amplify emotional dysregulation and proposes a social-psychological prevention model aimed at reducing the incidence of self-destructive behavior in this population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ma’suma Sa’dullayeva (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mutual Cultural, Spiritual And Educational Cooperation Between The Russian And Turkestan Jadids
This article examines the cultural, spiritual and educational cooperation between the Crimean Tatar (Russian) and Turkestan Jadids in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, centred on the figure of Ismail Gasprinski. It traces the penetration of his “usul-i sawtiyya” (phonetic method) and the influence of his newspaper Tarjimon into Turkestan, his visits of 1893 and 1908, and his contacts with local enlighteners such as Munavvar Qori Abdurashidxonov, Mahmudxoʻja Behbudiy, Abduqodir Shakuriy and the poet Chulpon. Drawing on archival directives and correspondence, the article shows how the colonial administration and the missionary N. Ostroumov sought to obstruct the new-method schools, and how Gasprinski defended the Turkestan reformers in the press. It concludes that the Turkestan Jadid movement was, in many of its domains, a close collaborator of Gasprinski in the processes of renewal.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lutfullo ABDULKADIROV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Process Of Renewal In The Socio- Cultural Life Of The Muslims Of Central Asia At The Beginning Of The 20Th Century And The Prominent Aspects Of The Jadid Movement
This article examines the process of renewal in the socio-cultural life of the Muslims of Central Asia at the beginning of the twentieth century and the prominent aspects of the Jadid movement. It shows that, although the movement gained strength in the early twentieth century, the social conditions of the mid-nineteenth century gave the impetus to its emergence, and it traces the two main currents within Jadidism – the “isloh” (reform) trend led by Fitrat and Fayzulla Xoʻjaev, and the current led by Abdulvohid Burhonov that sought reform through the “good innovation” (bidʻa hasana) of the Sunna. The article analyses the Jadidsʼ wide international ties, their turn from enlightenment to political struggle, Mahmudxoʻja Behbudiyʼs reformist and legal programme, the congresses and organisations of 1917, and the proclamation of the Turkestan Autonomy, concluding that Jadidism was the first movement in three centuries to attempt the building of national democratic statehood.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lutfullo Abdulkadirov (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Arabic Lexical Layer In Babur’s Baburnama: Semantic And Stylistic Adaptation
This article analyzes the Arabic lexical layer in Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur’s Baburnama and the semantic and grammatical changes these loanwords underwent in their adaptation to Uzbek. It surveys the historical course of Arabic borrowing into Uzbek, identifies the principal types of semantic and stylistic change (from concrete to abstract meaning, semantic broadening and narrowing, shifts in stylistic register, and the formation of fixed phrases), and classifies the Arabic vocabulary of the Baburnama into thematic groups. The study shows that Arabisms enriched not only the lexicon but also the semantic and grammatical system of the Uzbek language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muslima SHAVKATOVA (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Manifestation Of National Values Across Historical Periods
This article examines the manifestation and development of national values across historical periods. It argues that, although values are diverse in nature, the human being – human life, rights, freedom, and well-being – stands as the highest value. The article analyzes the revival of the Uzbek people’s material, spiritual, and historical values after independence, the interrelationship between national and universal values, and the dynamic, changing character of values under shifting economic, political, and cultural conditions. It emphasizes that a nation builds its future on the historical experience of its ancestors rather than on borrowed templates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Javlonbek HOLIQOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Kurdish Factor In Turkey’s Foreign Policy
This article analyzes the historical, political, and geopolitical place of the Kurdish factor in Turkey’s foreign policy. Covering the period from the Ottoman era to the present day, it examines the Treaty of Lausanne, the emergence of the PKK, the Adana Protocol (1998), and Ankara’s policy toward the Kurdish structures in Syria and Iraq. The Kurdish factor is analyzed, on the basis of the theories of “dual-track diplomacy” and “securitization,” as simultaneously a security threat to Turkey and an important diplomatic-economic instrument. It is shown that Turkey actively uses this factor to pursue its strategic aims at the regional and international levels.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Copyright (c) 2026 Sanjarbek HABIBJONOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Establishment Of The Jadid Schools In Turkestan And The Process Of Education And Upbringing
This article analyses information on the establishment of the Jadid (new- method) schools in the region of Turkestan by the enlighteners of the period from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century, together with the system of education, the stages of schooling, and the methods and directions of instruction. Through the activity of such figures as Mahmudkho’ja Behbudiy, Munavvar Qori, Is’hoqxon Ibrat, Saidahmad Siddiqiy, Abduqodir Shakuriy, Abdulla Avloniy, and Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy, it shows how the new-method school transformed literacy training, the publishing of textbooks, and the cultural life of the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irodakhon ABDUMANNOPOVA (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role Of The Work “Sharh Mulla” In The Development Of The Arabic Language In Mawarannahr
This article examines the place of Abd al-Rahman Jamiʼs al-Fawaʼid az- Ziyaiyya – the commentary on Ibn al-Hajibʼs al-Kafiya widely known in the madrasas of Central Asia as “Sharh Mulla” (or simply “Mulla Jami”) – in the development of the Arabic grammatical tradition in Mawarannahr. It outlines the workʼs structure and pedagogical method, compares Jamiʼs approach with those of Sibawayh and Ibn Malik, and considers his position on adducing Qurʼanic verses and hadith as grammatical evidence (istishhad). The article surveys the rich tradition of marginal glosses (hawashi) written on the work and sets out the principal findings concerning its significance for the systematization, teaching, and ongoing study of Arabic grammar, including its relevance to modern and computational linguistics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ulughbek HASANOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Scholars Who Contributed To The Field Of “Wujuh Wa Nazair” And The Works Produced In It
“Wujuh wa nazair” –the Qurʼanic discipline that studies the multiple senses (wujuh) a single word may carry and the different words that share one meaning (nazair) –is among the oldest branches of the Qurʼanic sciences. This article traces the historical formation of the field and surveys the scholars who composed works in it from the era of the Companions onward. Particular attention is given to Muqatil ibn Sulayman al-Balkhi (d. 767), whose al-Wujuh wa-n-nazair fi-l-Qurʼan al-azim is recognized as the earliest complete surviving work in the field, as well as to the testimony of Ibn al-Jawzi and later bibliographers concerning earlier and subsequent authors whose works have not survived. The article also examines the critical assessments directed at Muqatil and argues that, given the conventional structure of wujuh-wa-nazair works, an authorʼs doctrinal affiliation could not materially affect their content.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zafar Fakhriddinov (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Sustainability Of Education Socio-Economic Science Theory" "Sustainability Of Education Socio-Economic Science Theory" Xususiyatlari,Diagnostikasi Va Korreksion Maturidism And Ash‘Arism As Foundational Traditions Of Ahl Al-Sunna Wa’l-Jama‘Ah Yondashuv” Educational Stages And Curricula In
: This article examines Maturidism and Ash‘arism as classical Sunni theological Tashkent, Uzbekistan Saitxanova Aziza Xolmuxamedovna traditions, demonstrating that these schools are not later sectarian innovations but systematic articulations TARJIMADA LUG‘ATLARNING O‘RNI VA AHAMIYATI 184 of the original creed of Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jama‘ah. Through historical, textual, and methodological analysis, Abstract. This article traces the intellectual and institutional origins of the Jadid Novshadbekova Dilnura Zafarbek qizi the study refutes contemporary claims that these schools represent later additions to Islam. It further movement in Turkestan and examines the educational stages and curricula of its new- PEDAGOGIK TAFAKKUR EVOLYUTSIYASI: TARBIYA FANIDA clarifies common misconceptions surrounding the concept of bid‘ah by distinguishing between doctrinal method schools. It situates Jadidism within the socio-political contradictions of colonial innovation and necessary methodological tools developed to preserve Islamic teachings. The findings show INTELLEKTUAL YONDASHUVLAR 188 Central Asia, follows the reformist line from Abu Nasr Qursaviy and Shihobiddin that Maturidi and Ash‘ari methodologies provided essential intellectual frameworks that safeguarded Axmadaliyeva Dilrabo Xabibullayevna Marjoniy through the early twentieth-century revival of the movement, and sets out the orthodoxy against philosophical distortions and ensured the continuity of authentic belief. Harkefiomrmov par oGgrualmyomreas Aaddvaaxnacmedj ofirns tq bizyi M arjoniy and then by the Jadids themselves. The
OknRoDwAleMdgIeD aAn d enOli‘gQhUtenVmCeHntI LseArRveNdI NasG t he principal intellectual history
orthodoxy. FIKinRstLruAmSeHn tQ oOf BsoIcLioIY-eAcToInNomI RicI VanOdJ LcuAltNuTraIlR pISroHg ress
and that the reform of e1d9u2ca tion stood at the centre of their broader project of national renewal
Finland, Helsinki international scientific online conference Finland, Helsinki international scientific online conference
Copyright (c) 2026 Finland, Helsinki international scientific online conference Finland, Helsinki international scientific online conference (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role Of Mahmudkho’ja Behbudiy In The Activity Of The Jadid Schools
This article examines the contribution of the Jadid reformer and enlightener Mahmudkho’ja Behbudiy to the establishment and development of new- method (usul-i jadid) schools in Turkestan in the early twentieth century. Drawing on Behbudiy’s own pedagogical and publicistic works, the study reconstructs the two- stage structure and year-by-year curriculum of his school, the system of annual public examinations, the textbooks he authored, and his broader vision of education as the foundation of national progress. The article shows that, despite the resistance of both the tsarist colonial administration and the conservative clergy, Behbudiy turned the new-method school into an instrument for training a modern, secularly and religiously literate generation in Turkestan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irodakhon Abdumannopova (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study Of The Traditions And Ceremonies Of The Jews Of Bukhara
This article studies the religious traditions and ceremonies of the Jews of Bukhara, one of the oldest Jewish communities of Central Asia. On the basis of field research and a wide range of Jewish, Russian, Turkish, and Western scholarly sources, it examines the Sabbath and daily prayers, the annual festivals, and the life-cycle ceremonies – circumcision (brit milah), the naming of children, bar mitzvah, marriage (kiddushin and ketubah), and the rites surrounding death – showing how the Bukharan Jews preserved normative Jewish practice while developing local features of their own.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamoliddin KARIMOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study Of The Heritage Of Imam Mаturidi At The Imam Mаturidi International Scientific Research Center: Analysis And Prospective Plans
This article presents the work carried out at the Imam Maturidi International Scientific Research Center on studying, critically editing, translating, and disseminating the heritage of Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi. It describes the establishment of the Center, its collection of manuscript copies of “Kitab al-Tawhid” and “Ta’wilat al-Qur’an” from libraries in Uzbekistan, Turkey, the Arab world, and Europe, and the methodology used to prepare the new critical edition of “Kitab al-Tawhid” (presented at the 2024 Cairo International Book Fair) and the ongoing Uzbek translation of “Ta’wilat al-Qur’an.” It also outlines the Center’s prospective plans for further manuscript research.
Imam Maturidi International Scientific Research Center
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamoliddin Karimov (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analysis Of The Astrological Decorations On The Portal Of The Mirzo Ulugbek Madrasa
This article offers a synergetic and symbolic analysis of the astrological decorations on the portal (peshtoq) and portal-niche (qanos) of the Mirzo Ulugbek Madrasa on the Registan in Samarkand. It shows that the geometric girih, calligraphic, and vegetal ornaments of the madrasa are not mere decoration but a precise mathematical and cosmological program reflecting Ulugbek’s lifelong devotion to astronomy – encoding stars, galaxies, the seven climes, and a “map of the world” of interconnected gravitational systems. A numbered reading of the qanos composition is provided, interpreting each motif as an astronomical-symbolic element.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elyor ALIMQULOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Attitude Toward The Symbol Of The “Cross” In Christianity
This article gives a well-grounded account of the symbol of the cross in the Christian religion: its history, the legends concerning its origin, and the types of crosses. The valuable views of scholars on the symbol of the cross are studied comparatively, and the appearance of this emblem both in history and in the present day is presented in its symbolic expression.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elyor Alimqulov (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Trajectory Of Soviet Religious Policy In The Fergana Valley: Institutional Restrictions, Clandestine Islam, And Ideological Adaptations (1946–1991)
This article examines the complex transformation and trajectory of Soviet religious policy in the Fergana Valley between 1946 and 1991. Following the tactical concessions made by the Soviet state during World War II, the post-war period was characterized by alternating waves of intense administrative restrictions and ideological containment. Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach that combines historical objectivity, chronological segmentation, and qualitative content analysis of declassified documents from the National Archive of Uzbekistan, this study analyzes the structural tension between the state-sanctioned “official” Islamic institutions (under SADUM) and the resilient network of “clandestine” or parallel Islam. The research reveals that despite aggressive antireligious campaigns, particularly during the Khrushchev era, the traditional socioeconomic fabric of the Fergana Valley facilitated the survival of underground religious schools (hujras), informal spiritual leaders, and Sufi networks. These covert structures successfully preserved the local cultural-religious identity and maintained the continuity of Islamic knowledge across generations. Ultimately, the article argues that the institutional suppression and artificial spiritual vacuum imposed by the totalitarian state inadvertently laid the groundwork for the rapid politicization of Islam and the religious revival that emerged in the region during Perestroika and immediately followed the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Central Asian History. . 346 www.mijournals.com E-ISSN 3069-8375
Copyright (c) 2026 Khumoyun NABIYEV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
China’s Energy Interests In Central Asia
This article analyses China’s strategic energy interests and policy in the Central Asian region. As China’s domestic demand for energy resources grows and the “Malacca Dilemma” persists along traditional maritime routes, Central Asia occupies an increasingly important place in Beijing’s energy diversification strategy. Drawing on energy security theory and Mackinder’s Heartland concept as analytical frameworks, the article examines China–Central Asia energy cooperation – with particular attention to the transition from conventional energy to renewable sources within the “Green Belt and Road Initiative.” A SWOT analysis is also applied to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this economic partnership, the opportunities it creates for regional states, and the geopolitical risks it entails, including the “debt trap” dynamic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamidullo CHORIYEV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving The Methodology Of Teachers’ Professional Development In The Context Of Higher Education Internationalization: A Quasi-Experimental Study
This study develops and evaluates an improved methodology for enhancing teachers’ professional competence in the context of higher education internationalization. As universities in Uzbekistan increasingly engage in international partnerships, joint programs, and English-medium instruction, faculty members face mounting pressure to transform their professional practice beyond traditional pedagogical approaches. A quasi-experimental design was employed with 96 faculty members from two universities: an experimental group (n=48) receiving a 16-week Integrated Professional Development Program (IPDP) comprising intercultural competence training, technology-enhanced pedagogy workshops, collaborative teaching practicums, and reflective portfolio development, and a control group (n=48) following conventional professional development activities. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured four competence dimensions: pedagogical innovation, intercultural communication, digital literacy, and reflective practice. Results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the experimental group across all dimensions, with the largest effect observed in intercultural communication (t(94) = 5.83, p < 0.001, d = 1.19) and pedagogical innovation (t(94) = 4.97, p < 0.001, d = 1.02). Qualitative data from reflective portfolios and focus groups revealed that collaborative international teaching experiences and structured reflection were perceived as the most transformative components. These findings provide an empirically validated framework for faculty professional development in internationalizing higher education institutions.
teacher training. 293 www.mijournals.com E-ISSN 3069-8375 Vol. 9
Copyright (c) 2026 Qahramon KUSHBAKOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Extremist Movements’ Manipulation Of Hadith Texts: A Critical Analysis Of Interpretive Distortions
This article critically examines the methods through which historical and contemporary extremist movements have manipulated hadith texts to support radical ideological positions. The study analyzes three principal categories of interpretive distortion: the Kharijite and Shiite approaches to selective hadith utilization, the contradictions inherent in sectarian movements’ hadith interpretation, and the pseudo- Salafi appropriation of prophetic traditions for extremist purposes. Drawing on primary Arabic sources and the critiques of mainstream Sunni scholarship (Ahl al-Sunna wa-l- Jama’a), the analysis identifies six recurring manipulative strategies: literalist surface reading (zahirism), reliance on abrogated narrations, deriving absolute rulings from singular hadiths, decontextualization, rejection of scholarly consensus, and fabrication of supportive narrations. The findings demonstrate that extremist manipulation of hadiths follows identifiable patterns that can be systematically exposed through the application of established hadith sciences, and that education in these sciences constitutes a critical preventive measure against radicalization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aziz Tajiyev (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Imam Abu Mansur Al-Maturidi’s Interpretation Of The Verses Of The Horizons And Souls In Ta’wilat Al-Qur’an
This research aims to examine the methodology of Imam Abu Mansur al-Maturidi al-Samarqandi (d. 333 AH) in interpreting the verses of the horizons and souls (macrocosmic and microcosmic verses) in his book Ta’wilat al-Qur’an, elucidating how he transformed these verses into systematic theological proofs that contribute to building a comprehensive epistemological vision for Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah. The research stems from the postulate that the verses concerning the universe and humanity occupy a central position in the Islamic epistemological structure, serving as a bridge between the physical world and the metaphysical realm, and between sensory experience and faith-based reasoning. It focuses on analyzing selected models from the Surahs of Al-A’raf, Al-Furqan, An-Naml, Al-Qasas, As-Sajdah, and Al-Mu’minun. The study highlights al-Maturidi’s objectives in employing these verses to establish the tenets of Tawhid (monotheism), divine power, wisdom, teleological purpose, the affirmation of resurrection, and the critique of opposing sects such as the Mu’tazilites, Dualists, and Materialists.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ikhtiyor ABDURAKHMONOV (##default.groups.name.author##) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0