The Journal of Interdisciplinary Human Studies
The Journal of Interdisciplinary Human Studies ISSN (Online): 3069-8375 Website: https://mijournals.com/Human_Studies/ E-mail: info@mijournals.com Citations Submission
Open Access License and Copyright Terms All articles published in The Journal of Interdisciplinary Human Studies are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction, and adaptation of the work in any medium or format, provided that the original author(s) and the source are properly credited. Authors retain full copyright to their published work and grant the journal the right of first publication. ✅ Official license URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
THE CONCEPT OF “SOFT POWER” IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (USING SAUDI ARABIA AS AN EXAMPLE)
The article scientifically analyzes the concept of “soft power” based on Joseph S. Nye Jr. theory and substantiates its difference from traditional power concepts. Also, a comparative analysis is carried out with the realistic approach of Hans J. Morgenthau and Kenneth N. Waltz. The study examines the mechanisms of international influence through culture, religious factors, and media diplomacy using the example of Saudi Arabia. As a result, it is scientifically concluded that “soft power” is an important theoretical and practical tool for increasing the authority of states in the international arena.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahlo RAJABOVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF SHEIKH MUHAMMAD SADIK MUHAMMAD YUSUF
This article analyzes the scientific heritage of Sheikh Muhammad Sadiq Muhammad Yusuf. His works are analyzed in the direction of creed, jurisprudence, hadith science, Quranic sciences, translation, and socio-educational direction. Within the framework of the article, the significance of Sheikh Muhammad Sadiq’s works and their comparative analysis with other works are also presented.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abduvakhob TUKHTANAZAROV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PECULIARITIES OF FOREIGN RELATIONS IN ARAB COUNTRIES
In this article, the specifics of foreign relations in Arab countries are analyzed based on historical, political, and economic factors. It highlights the post- colonial legacy, the idea of pan-Arabism, and the role of the security factor in the formation of foreign policy. It is also substantiated that the influence of internal competition and external forces in the region determines the complex and contradictory nature of the foreign policy of the Arab states.
International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities Research
Copyright (c) 2026 Shakhlo Rajabova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH WORKS WRITTEN AS REFUTATIONS TO THE DENIERS OF SUNNAH AS AN ISLAMIC SOURCE (Based on the Works of Imam al-Shāfiʿī, Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, and Muḥammad Abū Shahba)
This article analyzes the methodological evolution of refutation literature developed against Hadith rejection in both classical and modern periods. The study provides a comparative analysis of three fundamental works of Islamic jurisprudence and Hadith science: Imam al-Shāfiʿī’s Jimāʿ al-ʿIlm, Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī’s Taʾwīl Mukhtalif al-Ḥadīth, and Muḥammad Abū Shahba’s Al-Difāʿ ʿan al-Sunna. For the first time, the interconnection and developmental stages of legal-methodological (al-Shāfiʿī), logical-linguistic (Ibn Qutayba), and historical-factual (Abū Shahba) refutation styles are revealed. The article also addresses modern doubts concerning the personality of Abū Hurayra (r.a.) and the recording of Hadiths (tadwīn), providing scientific responses based on classical methodology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismoiljon IBROHIMOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEGOTIATION SKILLS AS A KEY COMPETENCY OF A MODERN ENTREPRENEUR: CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the role of negotiation skills and competencies in fostering conducive working conditions in culturally diverse business environments of Uzbekistan. This qualitative research employs semi-structured interviews with 15 entrepreneurs owning their businesses in Tashkent to examine the level of these competencies, highlight possible challenges they face, and outline the areas for improvement. The findings offer important insights into conflict and negotiation at workplace. They demonstrate that the entrepreneurs’ demographic data, as well as their educational background and work experience, influence the application of specific negotiation and conflict resolution techniques that contribute to a more positive work environment in Uzbekistan’s diverse business context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tatyana SOKHRANNAYA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE RELIGIOUS-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PATIENCE IN HADITHS
This article explores the concept of patience (sabr) in Islamic teachings, highlighting its religious, moral, and psychological dimensions. Patience is repeatedly emphasized in the Qur’an and explained in detail in the Hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم, illustrating its importance for spiritual growth, emotional stability, and social harmony. From a religious-psychological perspective, patience is not only a moral virtue but also a mechanism for managing stress, regulating emotions, and strengthening resilience. By analyzing the Hadiths, this study demonstrates that patience contributes to inner stability, moral development, and the formation of adaptive coping strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nigina Botyrova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"MUHOKAMAT UL-LUGHATAYN" AND ITS ROLE IN THE FORMATION OF TURKIC LANGUAGE THEORY
. This article examines Alisher Navoi's treatise "Muhokamat ul-Lug'atayn" ("Judgment of the Two Languages"), written in the late fifteenth century, as a foundational work in the theoretical study of the Turkic (Chagatai) literary language. The study analyzes Navoi's comparative methodology, his critique of the linguistic hierarchy that privileged Persian over Turkic in literary and official circles, and his systematic argumentation for the expressive and semantic superiority of the Turkic language. The article further explores the literary imagery employed in the treatise, particularly Navoi's discussion of youth and poetry, and situates the work within the broader intellectual tradition of Timurid Central Asia. Drawing on the original text and secondary scholarship, it is argued that "Muhokamat ul-Lug'atayn" represents not only a polemical defense of Turkic but also one of the earliest examples of systematic comparative linguistics in the Eastern scholarly tradition. The work continues to hold methodological relevance for contemporary Uzbek and Turkic linguistic studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erkin Ochilov, Hilola Mamarasulova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE HARMONY OF SECULARISM AND RELIGIOSITY IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF ISLAMIC INSTITUTIONS
This article examines the relationship between secular and religious elements in the educational process of Islamic institutions. It analyzes three major approaches within the Islamic world – technocratic, traditionalist, and modernist – and their perspectives on religious education and national identity formation. The study highlights the historical development of religious education in Uzbekistan, including its transformation from the pre-independence period to the modern “New Uzbekistan” stage. In addition, international experiences, particularly the model of the International Islamic University Malaysia, are explored as successful examples of integrating religious and secular education. The findings demonstrate that a balanced synthesis of Islamic values and modern scientific knowledge contributes to the development of a harmonized educational system, fostering both intellectual and moral growth. The article argues that such integration is essential for addressing contemporary challenges and ensuring sustainable social development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bobomurod RUSTAMOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE STUDY OF THE PHENOMENON OF PATIENCE IN HADITHS AND ITS RELIGIOUS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
This article explores the concept of patience (sabr) from both Islamic and psychological perspectives, highlighting its importance as a moral, spiritual, and psychological virtue. In Islamic teachings, patience is emphasized in the Qur’an and Hadiths as a key factor in personal development, social harmony, and spiritual growth. Prophets such as Ishmael, Idris, and Dhul-Kifl are presented as exemplars of patience, providing practical models for believers to follow. The study also integrates modern psychological insights, including stress management, coping strategies, delayed gratification, and emotional intelligence (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Frankl, 2006; Goleman, 1995). By combining religious-psychological analysis with contemporary research, the article shows that patience enhances mental resilience, emotional stability, goal achievement, and social adaptability. Finally, patience is highlighted as a mechanism for maintaining mental health, developing willpower, and fostering moral and spiritual growth. The study underscores that understanding and practicing patience can help individuals navigate life’s challenges while promoting psychological, social, and spiritual well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nigina BOTYROVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ELLIPTED SYNTACTIC COMPLEMENT (AL-MUTAʿALLAQ AL-MAḤDHUF) IN AL-ZAMAKHSHARI’S TAFSIR AL-KASHSHAF: GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE AND RHETORICAL FUNCTION
This article examines the phenomenon of the ellipted syntactic complement (al-mutaʿallaq al-maḥdhuf) in the Qurʾanic commentary Tafsir al-Kashshaf ʿan Ḥaqaʾiq Ghawamiḍ al-Tanzil by Jar Allah al-Zamakhshari (d. 538 AH / 1144 CE). It explores how al-Zamakhshari systematically employs his grammatical, rhetorical, and hermeneutical expertise to identify, interpret, and justify the presence of omitted syntactic elements in Qurʾanic discourse – particularly the elided governing verbs or semantic heads associated with prepositional constructions (al-jar wa al-majrur). The study situates this analytical approach within the broader intellectual framework of classical Arabic grammar by tracing the theoretical foundations of the concept of mutaʿallaq from Sibawayhi through the development of the Basran and Kufan grammatical traditions and their eventual synthesis. In doing so, it demonstrates that al-Zamakhshari not only inherits this rich grammatical legacy but also significantly refines and advances it. Through a systematic analysis of selected passages from al-Kashshaf, the article argues that syntactic ellipsis in al-Zamakhshari’s exegesis functions on multiple levels: as a grammatical necessity, a rhetorical strategy, and a hermeneutical tool. This multifaceted function enables the exegete to reconstruct the full semantic depth of Qurʾanic expressions from their condensed and rhetorically nuanced surface forms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gulchekhra RASULOVA, Dr. Mohamed Mahmoud AHMED (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE DEVELOPMENT OF QUR’AN IC SCIENCES IN CENTRAL ASIA
This article examines the historical development of Qur’anic sciences in the region of Mawarannahr (Transoxiana). It highlights the role of the Companions and the Successors (tabiʿun) who migrated to the region and contributed to the dissemination of Islamic knowledge among the local population. The study also analyzes the activities of prominent scholars of hadith and tafsir from Central Asia, such as Imam al-Bukhari, Imam al-Tirmidhi, and Imam al-Darimi, whose works preserved numerous narrations related to the virtues of the Qur’an, its recitation, revelation contexts, and interpretation. Furthermore, the article outlines the stages of the development of Qur’anic sciences from the early oral transmission period to the compilation and systematization of written works. Special attention is given to the processes of collecting the Qur’an into a muṣḥaf during the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and the emergence of independent scholarly works on Qur’anic sciences in later centuries. The study concludes that the intellectual activities of early Muslim scholars and the strong tradition of hadith scholarship in Central Asia created a solid foundation for the development of Qur’anic studies in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adhambek YANGIBOEV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IBN ABIDIN'S STUDENTS AND HIS PUBLISHED TREATISES
This article examines Ibn Abidin’s scholarly legacy through a comprehensive analysis of his students and published treatises. The study demonstrates that his scholarly influence continued through the activities of his students, while his juristic views were reflected in his treatises devoted to a wide range of themes. In addition, Ibn Abidin’s printed treatises are analyzed within the framework of worship, family issues, transactions, waqf, fatwa, judicial practice, custom, and economic relations. The article, based on relevant primary and secondary sources, explores his scholarly school, the practical orientation of his juristic thought, and his place within the Hanafi legal tradition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukhiddin TURSUNOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION OF RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS IN THE DICTIONARY “ASH-SHUZUR AZ-ZAHABIYYA”
This article analyzes the lexical-semantic features of religious concepts presented in the dictionary “Ash-Shuzur az-Zahabiyya.” The study examines theonyms, religious terms, and lexical units related to worship and cosmological representations contained in the dictionary. Particular attention is given to the relationship between Arabic and Turkic lexical layers, the methods of interpretation, and the mechanisms of conceptual explanation. In addition, the historical and cultural foundations of religious notions are discussed on the basis of comparative materials. The results of the study contribute to revealing the process of the formation of religious terminology in medieval Turkic lexicography.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dildora NOSIROVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE GLOBAL THREAT OF RADICALIZATION: ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN WELL-BEING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The article analyzes the impact of radicalization and violent extremism on human well-being and sustainable development. The research was carried out on the basis of reports of international organizations and scientific sources. The results show that radicalization intensifies under conditions of social inequality, limited economic opportunities, and political marginalization. Effective mechanisms for its prevention are also considered.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elyorjon SAMINOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE CONTRIBUTION OF MAHMUD AL-ZAMAKHSHARI TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARABIC LINGUISTICS
This article examines the multifaceted contribution of the medieval Central Asian scholar Mahmud al-Zamakhshari (1075–1144) to the development of Arabic linguistics, grammar, lexicography, and Qurʼanic exegesis. Born in the village of Zamakhshar in the Khwarazm region, al-Zamakhshari rose to become one of the most celebrated philologists, grammarians, and theologians of the classical Islamic world, earning the honorific titles Jarullah (“Neighbor of God”), Fakhr al-Khwarizm (“Pride of Khwarazm”), and Ustadh al-Arab wa al-ʿajam (“Teacher of Arabs and non- Arabs”). The study provides a comprehensive analysis of his four principal linguistic works: Al-Mufassal fi sanʿat al-iʿrab, the most systematic Arabic grammar written after Sibawayhi’s Kitab; Al-Unmuzaj fi al-nahw, a concise pedagogical grammar derived from the Mufassal; Muqaddimat al-adab, a pioneering multilingual encyclopedic dictionary prepared for non-Arab learners; and Asas al-balagha, a landmark Arabic lexicon organized on the principle of semantic derivation. The article further addresses his exegetical works Al-Kashshaf and Nukat al-iʿrab, in which grammatical and rhetorical analysis are systematically applied to Qurʼanic interpretation. Drawing on classical biographical dictionaries, medieval Arabic chronicles, and modern scholarship in Arabic and Orientalist traditions, the article argues that al-Zamakhshari’s achievement was not merely the accumulation of grammatical knowledge but the integration of grammar, rhetoric, lexicography, and exegesis into a unified and rigorous intellectual system that fundamentally shaped the subsequent history of Arabic linguistic science.
Copyright (c) 2026 Farida ABZALOVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ORIGINS AND FOUNDERS OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF TAWHID
This article analyzes, based on scholarly sources, the historical formation of tawhid, the central concept of Islamic belief, and the emergence of the idea of dividing it into categories such as rububiyyah, uluhiyyah, and asma wa sifat. It explains that during the time of the earliest Muslims and the righteous salaf as salih, tawhid was understood as a unified concept of faith, and there was no practice of dividing it into separate terminological sections. The classification of tawhid as a theoretical system mainly developed during the period of Ibn Taymiyyah and was later turned into a doctrinal and practical standard by his students and the Wahhabi movement. The study emphasizes that the disagreement lies not in the classification itself, but in the detailed interpretations and in using it as a tool for issuing religious judgments. In particular, the absolutization of this classification has led to the increase of takfir, religious violence, and conflicts within Muslim societies, as shown by academic evidence. The article presents the balanced position of Sunni scholars and highlights the necessity of preserving the historical unity of tawhid.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurmuhammad SHAYDULLAYEV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SPECIFIC GENRE CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN ARABIC MEDIA DISCOURSE
Arabic media language is distinguished from other media languages by its unique stylistic features.This article analyzes the main genres of written speech in the newspaper-journalistic style: the journalistic article and the newspaper report. While the purpose of a journalistic article is to persuade, to prove something, and to evoke a specific reaction–not only through the logical construction of an utterance but also through the power of emotional impact–the newspaper report provides only essential and core information.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zukhra ARIPOVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS ON RELIGIOUS OFFICES IN THE BUKHARA EMIRATE
This article analyzes the socio-legal and cultural significance of religious offices during the period of the Bukhara Emirate based on the "Qushbegi Archival Documents" held at the Central State Archive of Uzbekistan. The study highlights the role of religious institutions within the Emirate's administrative system, the procedures for appointing officials such as muftis, imams, mudarrises, and shaykhs, and the formal administrative interactions between the Amir, the Qushbegi, and the Qozikalon. Through a systematic classification and comparative analysis of archival records, the article provides scholarly insights into the influence of religious authorities on state policy and the spiritual life of society
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukhlisa RAMATJONOVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMITATIVE METHODS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING
This article examines the significance of imitation in foreign language teaching. The author compares imitative and non-imitative pedagogical approaches, analyzing their functions in the educational process and evaluating their impact on students’ language acquisition outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mubinakhon Rakhimova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE VALUE OF THE MAHALLA, NATIONAL TRADITIONS, AND CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION
This article analyzes the impact of globalization processes on the mahalla institution and its role in preserving national values, traditions, and cultural heritage. In the context of global cultural influences, the study highlights the socio-cultural functions of the mahalla and its importance in transmitting customs and traditional values from generation to generation. Special attention is paid to the transformation of the mahalla institution in the contemporary global environment, its potential in maintaining national identity, and the challenges it faces. The article presents scholarly conclusions and recommendations aimed at strengthening the role of the mahalla in preserving national cultural heritage and ensuring social stability
Copyright (c) 2026 Javohir JABBOROV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HISTORY AND PROSPECTS OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN
The article examines the historical development, transformation, and current state of Islamic education in Uzbekistan, tracing its roots from the medieval “Higher Madrasahs” of Mawaraunnahr to contemporary institutions under the Muslim Board of Uzbekistan. It highlights the continuity of religious and secular knowledge despite the challenges posed by the Soviet atheistic regime, the role of SADUM and influential figures such as the Babakhan muftis in preserving educational traditions, and the restructuring of religious education after independence. The study analyzes the curricula, textbooks, organizational structure, and achievements of institutions such as the Mir Arab Madrasah, Barak Khan Madrasah, Tashkent Islamic Institute, and new specialized centers established under the initiatives of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. The research emphasizes the integration of secular and religious sciences, the training of highly qualified specialists, and the role of modern Islamic educational institutions in fostering national identity, tolerance, and universal values. The findings provide insights into the continuity, reform, and modernization of Islamic education in Uzbekistan, offering a framework for understanding its prospects and challenges in the 21st century.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uygun Gafurov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Textual Features of Lithographic Editions (On the Example of the (Lithographic Version of “Boburnama”)
This article analyzes the textual features of the lithographic editions of the work Boburnoma from a textological perspective. The study examines the general characteristics of lithographic copies, as well as their orthographic, lexical, and stylistic peculiarities. Special attention is given to the comparative analysis of manuscript and lithographic versions in order to determine their similarities and differences in terms of textual stability, language norms, and editorial interventions. The research demonstrates that lithographic editions reflect the textual state of the work during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and represent an important transitional stage between manuscript tradition and later typographic publications. The orthographic system, preservation of Chagatai language features, use of Arabic and Persian lexical elements, and the retention of the author’s memoir style are analyzed as key textual components. The findings confirm that lithographic copies serve as a significant source for textology, historical linguistics, and literary studies, contributing to the reconstruction of the complete textual history of the work.
Copyright (c) 2026 Otabek Mamadaliyev (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MAHR AS A SYMBOL OF BLESSING AND RESPONSIBILITY IN MARRIAGE
This article examines the role and significance of marriage (nikah) and the walima ceremony in Islamic law and social life from a scholarly perspective. Marriage in Islam is analyzed as a sacred covenant that serves to establish the family, preserve lineage, and strengthen the moral foundations of society, based on verses from the Qur’an and authentic hadiths. The author emphasizes that marriage is not dependent on wealth or outward extravagance, but rather on the principles of blessing (barakah), responsibility, mutual respect, and lawful conduct. The article also reveals the true purpose of the walima ceremony, which is to publicly announce the marriage, strengthen kinship and brotherhood, and bring joy to the poor and those in need. The simple, modest, and waste-free wedding practices of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) are presented as an exemplary model for contemporary Muslim society. Furthermore, the article critically addresses the tendency toward extravagance in modern wedding practices and promotes an approach to marriage and walima that is consistent with Sharia, socially just, and morally grounded.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasrulloh Tukhtayev (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
METHODOLOGY OF OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE IN ARABIC: THEORY AND PRACTICE
This article examines the tradition of writing risala (Arabic letters), focusing on the structure, linguistic features, and communicative functions of the administrative letter (risala idariyya). The study analyzes the differences between official and personal correspondence, the relationship between sender and recipient, and stylistic requirements in Arabic formal writing. The results show that logical organization, objectivity, and etiquette formulas are essential elements of official communication. The paper also provides pedagogical recommendations for teaching Arabic formal writing in academic contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sayidolim Rayimjonov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Significance of Gratitude in the Works of Early Sufis
This article examines the significance of shukr (gratitude) in the works of the earliest Sufi thinkers and its role in the spiritual and ethical formation of Islamic mysticism. Drawing upon foundational sources of early Sufism namely the works of Kalabadhi, Sarraj, and Qushayri the study explores shukr as a multidimensional concept encompassing the acknowledgment of divine blessings by the heart, their praise through the tongue, and the practical expression of gratitude through righteous actions. The article demonstrates that early Sufi tradition views shukr as a continuous spiritual cycle in which gratitude increases divine blessings, and the blessings, in turn, deepen gratitude. Furthermore, shukr is presented not only as a form of devotion to God but also as an essential moral principle within human social conduct.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nilufar Tuychiyeva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE UNIQUENESS OF IMAM BUKHARI’S AND IMAM MUSLIM’S CRITERIA FOR SAHIH HADITH
This article examines the science of hadith (Islamic tradition) and studies two of its most important collections – “Sahih al-Bukhari” and “Sahih Muslim”. The article provides a detailed analysis of the rigorous scientific criteria applied by Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari and Imam Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj an-Nisaburi in compiling hadith collections. The paper discusses three main conditions established by Imam al-Bukhari for hadith selection – the authenticity of the hadith, requirements for narrators, and the continuity of the chain of transmission (isnad) in the form of “mu’anan” (transmission “from so-and-so from so-and-so”). It also demonstrates that Imam Muslim established similar but somewhat less stringent conditions. The research shows that Imam al-Bukhari applied twelve strict criteria, while Imam Muslim applied eleven criteria, which ensured that “Sahihayn” (the two authentic collections) received the status of the most reliable sources in Islamic scholarship after the Quran.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mubina Sadirova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE OBJECTIVES OF SHARIA (MAQASID AL-SHARI'A) AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
This academic article analyzes the objectives of Sharia namely, the theory of maqaṣid al-shariʿa focusing on its formation, development, fundamental principles, and contemporary applications. The study is based on the conceptual frameworks developed by major scholars such as Imam al-Ghazali, Imam al-Shatibi, and Ibn ʿAshur
Copyright (c) 2026 Maharam KUTBIDINOVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS OF RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE POLICY IN MALAYSIA
Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious federal state characterized by a complex interaction between Islam as the religion of the Federation and constitutionally guaranteed freedom of religion for non-Muslims. This article examines the institutional mechanisms underlying Malaysia’s policy of religious tolerance, focusing on constitutional provisions, governmental institutions, legal frameworks, educational policies, and interfaith dialogue initiatives. The study analyzes how these mechanisms function in practice, evaluates their effectiveness, and identifies key challenges related to legal pluralism, political instrumentalization of religion, and societal change. The article concludes that Malaysia’s experience demonstrates both the potential and the limitations of institutional approaches to managing religious diversity in pluralistic societies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anvar MUSTAFAYEV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF ISLAMIC LAW
This article provides a scholarly analysis of the foundations of Islamic law, tracing the formation of the discipline, its historical stages, the development of fiqh and usul al-fiqh, as well as the influence of early mujtahids on the evolution of legal reasoning. The study is based on the sources of Islamic law, methods of ijtihad, and the evolution of religious-legal thought.
Copyright (c) 2026 Poshshakhon Kutbidinova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE FORMATION AND MAIN GENRES OF ISLAMIC HISTORIOGRAPHY: SIYAR, MAGHAZI, TARAJIM AND TABAQAT
This article examines the formation of Islamic historiography and analyzes its main genres, including siyar, maghazi, tarajim, and tabaqat. The study explores the semantic and terminological meanings of these genres and their development within the framework of Islamic sciences. Special attention is given to the early sources of Islamic history such as Ibn Ishaq’s Siyar, Ibn Hisham’s As-Siyra an-Nabawiyya, and al-Waqidi’s Kitab al-Maghazi. The role of hadith scholarship in shaping historical methodology and ensuring the reliability of historical reports is also discussed. The article highlights how Qur’anic narratives, hadith collections, and biographical literature contributed to the emergence of Islamic history as an independent scholarly discipline.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akhrorbek Madaipov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0