Journal of Social and Theological Studies
Journal of Social and Theological Studies ISSN (Print): ISSN (Online): Website: https://mijournals.com/index.php/JSTS E-mail: jsts@mijournals.com Citations Submission
PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING GLOBAL COMMUNICATIVE MOTIVATION IN MEDICAL STUDENTS
he article analyzes the pedagogical foundations for developing global communicative motivation among medical students. Global communicative motivation is considered as a motivational process aimed at effective communication, intercultural competence, and international collaboration in medical education through foreign languages, primarily English. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2008), integrative approaches to communicative competence (Dörnyei, 2009; Gardner), and modern trends in medical education (Hausberg et al., 2012; Ganotice et al., 2023), a theoretical and practical model is proposed. A pilot experiment conducted with 120 third- to fifth-year medical students during the 2024–2025 academic year found that students’ global communicative motivation increased by an average of 32%, medical English communication skills improved by 28%, and 85% of participants identified global communication as a key factor for future professional success. The article provides practical recommendations for higher medical education institutions.
global communicative motivation; medical students; pedagogical foundations; self-determination theory; intercultural communication; medical English; integrative approach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shoira QORAVOYEVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE CORE IDEAS OF NAQSHBANDIYA TEACHING AND ITS CONTINUITY WITH THE KHWAJAGAN TRADITION
This article analyzes the core ideas of the Naqshbandiya doctrine and its genetic continuity with the Khwajagan tradition. The study demonstrates that the foundations of Khwajagan teaching laid by Yusuf Hamadani and systematized by Abdulkhaliq Ghijduvani through eight rashas (principles) were preserved, deepened, and enriched by Bahaʼ al-Din Naqshband through three additional principles and the restoration of silent dhikr. The research argues that the relationship between the Khwajagan and Naqshbandiya stages constitutes not simple continuity but a dialectical unity of preservation and innovation, expressed above all in the motto “Dil ba yor-u, dast ba kor” (Heart with God, hands at work).
Naqshbandiya; Khwajagan; Abdulkhaliq Ghijduvani; Bahaʼ al- Din Naqshband; rasha; silent dhikr; silsilai zahab; Central Asian Sufism; social activism; Islamic ethics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrohim KHAYDAROV, Javlon ABDUAZIMOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON LANGUAGE EVOLUTION AND COMMUNICATION
This article investigates the multifaceted impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on language evolution and human communication patterns. Employing a systematic literature review methodology grounded in the IMRAD framework, the study synthesizes findings from 85 peer-reviewed sources published between 2015 and 2025 across the fields of computational linguistics, sociolinguistics, cognitive science, and human-computer interaction. The introduction contextualizes the unprecedented pace at which AI technologies particularly large language models (LLMs), machine translation systems, and AI-powered communication platforms are reshaping how languages are used, learned, and transformed. The materials and methods section details the systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, and thematic analysis procedures employed. The results section presents findings organized around four thematic axes: (a) AI-driven lexical and syntactic innovation, (b) the impact of machine translation on cross-linguistic convergence and divergence, (c) transformations in pragmatic and discourse norms mediated by AI communication tools, and (d) implications for linguistic diversity and language endangerment. The discussion interprets these findings within broader theoretical frameworks of language change, critically evaluates the methodological limitations of the existing evidence base, and identifies priority directions for future research. The article concludes that AI constitutes a historically novel agent of language change whose influence on communicative practices is profound, accelerating, and insufficiently understood.
artificial intelligence, language evolution, communication, large language models, machine translation, computational linguistics, sociolinguistics, linguistic diversity
Copyright (c) 2026 Malika ERGASHEVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ARABIC POLITICAL PHRASEOLOGY AND ITS LINGUO-COGNITIVE ANALYSIS
This paper examines phraseological units in Arabic political discourse from a linguo-cognitive perspective. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), cognitive grammar (Langacker, 1987), critical discourse analysis (van Dijk, 1997, 1998; Fairclough, 1995, 2001), and Russian phraseological scholarship (Vinogradov, 1977; Kunin, 1984; Telia, 1996; Maslova, 2001), the study analyzes the nature, classification, semantic structure, and pragmatic functions of Arabic political phraseologisms. Special attention is given to both terminological and non- terminological phraseological units, with an emphasis on their imagery and connotative features. The research further explores the principal conceptual metaphors underlying Arabic political discourse including the domains of “war,” “theatre,” and “medicine” and identifies their role in representing political reality. The findings demonstrate that phraseological units in Arabic political discourse function not only as linguistic elements but also as instruments for shaping public opinion and exerting political influence.
political phraseology; Arabic discourse; linguo-cognitive analysis; conceptual metaphor; connotation; political communication; critical discourse analysis; ideological framing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akbar KAZAKBAYEV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ABDULLAH IBN UMAR’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC LAW
This article analyzes the jurisprudential school of ʿAbdullah ibn ʿUmar (may Allah be pleased with him), one of the most renowned jurists among the Companions of the Prophet, his method of ijtihad, his approach to hadith and Sunnah, and his influence on subsequent Islamic legal schools. Ibn ʿUmar was recognized among the Companions as a preeminent scholar of the Sunnah, noted for his exceptional caution in issuing fatwas and as a distinguished representative of practical jurisprudence. His fatwas subsequently influenced the Madinan school of jurisprudence formed under Malik ibn Anas as well as the other principal schools of Islamic law. The article examines his biographical background, military participation, political neutrality during the period of fitna, his role as a hadith transmitter (over 2,630 hadiths), the foundations of his jurisprudential school, the “golden chain” of transmission through Nafiʿ, his positions on worship, commercial transactions, family law, and his ascetic spiritual life, and his enduring influence on Imam Malik, al-Shafiʿi, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal.
ʿAbdullah ibn ʿUmar; Companion jurisprudence; Sunnah; Madinan school; madhhab; ijtihad; fatwa; hadith transmission; golden chain; Islamic law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saidafzal SAIDJALOLOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE ROLE OF GREEN INSURANCE IN ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE FINANCE IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the need to develop the green insurance market in Uzbekistan and its significance within the sustainable financing system on the basis of statistical data. The study examines insurance premiums, insurance claims, insurers’ investment portfolios, agricultural insurance subsidies, and green financing instruments for 2023-2025. The findings show that the insurance market expanded from 8.1 trillion soums in 2023 to 13.5 trillion soums in 2025, while insurers’ investments reached 9.6 trillion soums. At the same time, climate change, water scarcity, drought, and agricultural sector risks are increasing the need for green insurance products. The article proposes that green insurance should be considered not only as an ecological product, but also as a mechanism for financial anagement of climate risks, protection of green investments, and deepening of sustainable financing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shakhobiddin ISMAILOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ACADEMIC MOTIVATION IN FOREIGN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH: THEORIES, DETERMINANTS, AND EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
This article presents a systematic analysis of academic motivation as investigated in foreign psychological research. Academic motivation is defined as a stable disposition that directs, sustains, and energizes goal-oriented behavior in educational contexts. The study aims to trace the theoretical evolution of motivation research, identify its principal classifications and determinants, and examine its role in psychological, educational, and organizational settings. The paper reviews foundational and contemporary approaches, including intrinsic–extrinsic motivation, self- determination theory, achievement goal theory, and expectancy–value models of academic engagement. The analysis demonstrates that academic motivation significantly shapes learning strategies, academic achievement, persistence, and psychological well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Temur MARATOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
ISLAMIC LEGAL RULINGS ON THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MODERN TECHNOLOGIES
This article provides a thorough scholarly analysis of the Sharia rulings related to the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and modern technologies and their application in practice. It examines the attitude of Islamic law towards new technologies, historical and contemporary fatwas, and the views of Muslim scholars on the subject. The article discusses theoretical and empirical research, as well as the social and ethical impact of modern technologies. In particular, the Islamic legal aspects of using artificial intelligence are elaborated on the basis of fatwas issued by the World Muslim Scholars Council. The study also emphasizes the necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation between Islamic jurisprudence and modern technological sciences in addressing emerging digital challenges. Furthermore, it underscores that a balanced approach is required to harmonize innovation with ethical and legal norms in the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammadamin Kamoldinov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
KORYO-SARAM: THE FORMATION OF A DIASPORA THROUGH FORCED ETHNIC RELOCATION AND ITS SOCIO-CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN CENTRAL ASIA
This article analyzes the historical and social processes that shaped the Koryo-saram population throughout the 20th century. It examines issues related to the policy of forced resettlement implemented during the Soviet period. Particular attention is given to the status of Koryo-saram as a diaspora and to the social functions of the Korean language across different historical periods. Based on available empirical data, the processes of everyday life and social adaptation of Koryo-saram are examined within a broader context. In addition, social, cultural, and institutional developments of the post-Soviet period are taken into account.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurbek ABDURAHMONOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE SUBJECT, TERMINOLOGY, AND FORMATION HISTORY OF ARABIC MORPHOLOGY (SARF)
This study explores the origins and historical development of the science of Sarf (morphology) as a cornerstone of Arabic linguistics. It examines the process through which Sarf emerged as an independent discipline from Nahw (syntax), pioneered by scholars such as Mu'adh al-Harra and Abu Uthman al-Mazini. The article provides a comparative analysis of the Basra and Kufa linguistic schools, focusing on their distinct approaches based on qiyas (analogy) and sama' (auditory tradition). Furthermore, the significant role of Mahmud al-Zamakhshari and Mawarannahr scholars in systematizing morphological rules and creating classical pedagogical texts is scientifically substantiated.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akhmadjon ATAVULLAYEV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENCE AND THEIR SCHOLARLY INTERPRETATION
This section is devoted to the psychological characteristics of adolescence and their scholarly interpretation. The article analyzes the principal theoretical approaches to the study of adolescence in world psychology and Uzbek psychology. The following frameworks are examined: S. Hall’s «storm and stress» theory; J. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development; E. Erikson’s concept of psychosocial identity crisis; L. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development; the humanistic psychology of C. Rogers and A. Maslow; A. Bandura’s social learning theory; and U. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. In addition, the characteristics of adolescence in the national context are highlighted on the basis of research by Uzbek psychologists V. Karimova, B. Qodirov, and Z. Nishonova. The article serves as the theoretical foundation for the study of adolescent psychology in literary education and provides the scholarly basis necessary for the psychological analysis of adolescent characters in literary works.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shohsanam ELMURODOVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN: LEGAL FRAMEWORKS, STATISTICAL OVERVIEW, AND STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS
Uzbekistan’s cultural heritage represents one of the country’s most significant national assets, playing a vital role in shaping collective identity, strengthening spiritual values, and supporting the development of the tourism sector. This article explores the legal and institutional framework established to protect and manage cultural heritage, while also outlining the key legislative reforms implemented since independence. Based on data from the Cultural Heritage Department of the Ministry of Culture, it is noted that 8,647 heritage sites are officially registered, including 3,013 architectural monuments, 4,763 archaeological sites, 615 monumental art objects, and 256 places of special significance. In addition, a national registry approved in 2019 includes 8,208 immovable cultural heritage objects distributed across all regions of the country. The article also examines the strategic importance of these sites within Uzbekistan’s tourism development policies and emphasizes that their careful preservation, systematic study, and effective use are essential not only for economic growth but also for maintaining the nation’s historical memory and spiritual continuity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gayrat RASULOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THEOLOGIANS’ OPINIONS ON THE ROLE OF AL- ASH’ARI’S BOOK “AL-IBANA AN USUL AD-DIYANA” IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC DOCTRINE
This paper examines the views of prominent Muslim theologians and scholars on the significance of Abu al-Hasan al- Ash’ari’s work «Al-Ibana ‘an Usul ad-Diyana» («The Clarification of the Foundations of Religion») in shaping Islamic creed (aqidah) and theological discourse. The study analyzes both classical and modern scholarly assessments, highlighting the book’s role in affirming Sunni orthodoxy, its polemical stance against Mu’tazilite and other heterodox doctrines, and its influence on subsequent theological developments within the Ash’arite school and broader Sunni tradition. The analysis concludes that «аl-Ibana ‘an Usul ad-Diyana» occupies a central place in the history of Islamic theology, serving as a foundational text for understanding the creed of Ahl al- Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah and the intellectual legacy of al-Ash’ari in defending Sunni doctrine against theological innovations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shukhrat TOKHTIEV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
REFUGEE FLOWS AS A GEOPOLITICAL DETERMINANT: THE CASE OF AFGHANISTAN–IRAN RELATIONS AND REGIONAL SECURITY
This article analyzes the impact of refugee flows on interstate relations within the context of forced migration, specifically examining the case of Afghanistan and Iran. The study aims to identify how the refugee factor influences the political, economic, and security dimensions of the international system. Using a qualitative methodology, the research applies systemic and comparative analysis alongside a case-study approach. The findings show that Iran hosts several million Afghan refugees. Refugee flows are not merely passive humanitarian events; they function as significant geopolitical factors shaping the dynamics of interstate relations. Furthermore, these refugee flows contribute to the development of an interconnected political and security space across Central Asia. The scholarly novelty of the study lies in establishing refugee flows not as isolated phenomena, but as integrated determinants that directly affect the dynamics of interstate relations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dilrabo KALANDAROVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
SCHOLARLY LEGACY AND INTELLECTUAL FORMATION OF MUHAMMAD ABID AL-SINDI: A BIOGRAPHICAL AND ACADEMIC ASSESSMENT
This article explores the intellectual trajectory and scholarly contributions of Muhammad Abid al-Sindi al-Ayyubi, a 13th-century AH hadith master and jurist whose genealogy traces back to the Companion Abu Ayyub al-Ansari. Attention is given to the formative role of his family environment, the breadth of disciplines he mastered, and the enduring significance of his written legacy. His network of teachers and students – spread across the Hijaz, Yemen, Egypt, and India – is examined to situate him within the broader scholarly tradition of his era. The article further highlights his personal qualities of resilience and moral integrity through documented episodes from his life, and surveys his extensive bibliography across hadith, fiqh, Sufism, grammar, medicine, and Quranic commentary.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elyorbek ANVAROV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NAJM AL-DIN KUBRA’S SUFI TAFSIR «TAʾWILAT AL-NAJMIYYA»
This article examines the educational significance of the Sufi tafsir «Taʾwilat al-Najmiyya» by the outstanding thinker and scholar Najm al-Din Kubra (1145–1221), one of the most prominent representatives of Sufism in the 12th–13th centuries and a leading authority in the science of tafsir. In this work, unlike other Quranic commentaries, the author systematically enumerates the high moral virtues necessary for the spiritual perfection of the individual, deriving them from Quranic verses. The article reveals the distinctive features of this tafsir through illustrative examples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Durbek RAKHIMJONOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND CONTEMPORARY CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEMS
Employee performance evaluation systems have undergone a significant transformation from traditional, supervisor- centered appraisal methods to more dynamic, data-driven, and continuous performance management approaches. Modern systems extend beyond simple evaluation by integrating strategic alignment, multidimensional performance constructs, and ongoing feedback mechanisms into everyday organizational practices. A key conceptual distinction between performance appraisal and performance management highlights the shift toward development-oriented processes while maintaining formal accountability requirements. Theoretical foundations such as goal-setting theory and feedback intervention research emphasize the importance of goal clarity, feedback quality, and psychological factors in influencing employee performance. Methodologically, contemporary organizations employ a combination of key performance indicators, balanced scorecards, competency models, and multi-source feedback systems, though challenges such as rater bias remain significant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Islomjon TURDIMURODOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
PERSONALITY OF ZAHID AL-KAWTHARI AND HIS SCIENTIFIC A CTIVITY
This study examines the life and intellectual legacy of Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari, a prominent Islamic scholar of the late Ottoman period. It highlights his early education, scholarly influences – particularly the role of his father and the Naqshbandi tradition – and his academic journey from Düzce to Istanbul and Egypt, where he remained active despite exile and hardships. Based on modern historical research methods, the study analyzes his contributions to theology (ʿaqida), jurisprudence (fiqh), and hadith. It emphasizes his role in defending the Hanafi- Maturidi tradition, engaging in scholarly debates, and responding to religious innovations (bidʿa). The study concludes that al-Kawthari was not only a major historical scholar but also a mujaddid (reviver) whose legacy remains highly relevant for contemporary Islamic thought and scholarship.
Copyright (c) 2026 Boburshoh HABIBIDINOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE ROLE OF MAHR AS A SIGN OF BLESSING AND RESPONSIBILITY IN ISLAMIC MARRIAGE
His study explores the place and importance of marriage (nikah) and the walima ceremony within the framework of Islamic law and social life through a scholarly analysis. Drawing upon Qur’anic verses and authentic prophetic traditions, marriage in Islam is interpreted as a sacred covenant that plays a crucial role in the formation of the family, the preservation of lineage, and the strengthening of the ethical and spiritual foundations of society. The study highlights that the value of marriage in Islam is not determined by wealth, material display, or social prestige; rather, it is grounded in the principles of barakah (divine blessing), responsibility, mutual respect, and lawful conduct. The article further clarifies the essential objectives of the walima, emphasizing that its primary purpose is to publicly declare the marriage, reinforce bonds of kinship and brotherhood, and extend joy and hospitality to the poor and those in need. The modest, simple, and non-extravagant wedding practices of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) are presented as an exemplary model for contemporary Muslim communities. In addition, the research critically examines the growing trend of excessive spending and ostentation in modern wedding practices and advocates for a return to marriage and walima ceremonies that are aligned with the principles of Sharia, social justice, and moral integrity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasrulloh TUKTAYEV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
HARMONY OF NATIONAL PRACTICE AND GLOBAL EXPERIENCE IN ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION
This article examines the issue of ensuring education quality through an analytical comparison of national and international practices. It highlights ongoing reforms in Uzbekistan’s education system, including the competency-based approach, digital learning opportunities, and improvements in quality assurance mechanisms. The study also explores advanced educational models from Finland, Singapore, and South Korea, identifying their key principles and comparative advantages. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of integrating national and global experiences to enhance overall education quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nilufar TUYCHIYEVA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ISLAMIC CULTURE IN THE FIELDS OF SCIENCE, ART, AND LITERATURE
This article explores the historical and cultural evolution of Transoxiana from the emergence of Islam in the seventh century to the early twentieth century, emphasizing the decisive role of Islam in shaping the region’s political, spiritual, and intellectual life. The study identifies four major stages of cultural development, with particular focus on the ninth–twelfth centuries as the early phase of the Central Asian Renaissance and the fourteenth–fifteenth centuries as its most advanced stage during the Timurid era. Special attention is devoted to the development of the madrasa system as a central institution of education, outlining its structure, curriculum, and social significance. In addition, the article highlights achievements in science, literature, music, and the arts, as well as the contributions of prominent poets and scholars within the broader framework of Islamic civilization. In the seventh century, the final universal religion, Islam, emerged in the Arabian Peninsula.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jasurbek ABDUQODIROV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The works of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur embody profound and multifaceted ideas concerning the upbringing and education of children, reflecting both his personal experience as a ruler and his broader humanistic worldview. Babur’s literary and historical legacy demonstrates that he regarded education not merely as the transmission of knowledge, but as a comprehensive process aimed at shaping moral character, intellectual capacity, and cultural awareness. This article explores Babur’s views on child rearing within the royal family, emphasizing the principles he considered essential for preparing future leaders and responsible members of society. In particular, this study analyzes the lexical and semantic features associated with education and upbringing in Babur’s major works, especially Baburnama, as well as his didactic treatises and personal letters. Through a linguistic and semantic examination of these texts, the article reveals how Babur employed specific vocabulary, metaphors, and stylistic devices to convey pedagogical ideals and moral guidance. The analysis demonstrates that Babur’s discourse on education is systematic and purposeful, reflecting a coherent educational philosophy rooted in both Islamic ethics and the cultural traditions of his time. As a result, Babur’s views on child upbringing remain valuable not only as historical insights but also as enduring contributions to the study of educational thought.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gulnoza Samadova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE PLACE OF IMAM RABBANI’S “MAKTUBAT” IN THE HISTORY OF SUFI
This article analyzes the role of Maktubot, written by Imam Rabbani Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624), a prominent representative of the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidiya order, in the history of Sufism, reform ideas, and the development of Islamic-spiritual thought. Within the framework of the research, the content layers of Maktubot, in particular, the concept of mujaddidiya, the harmony of Sharia and tariqa, the doctrine of “wahdati shuhud” and the theoretical innovations introduced into Sufi practice, were studied based on scientific sources. The impact of the work on the socio-religious environment, the theoretical and spiritual influence it had on the Mujaddidiya direction formed in the next generations of the Naqshbandi order, as well as its role in the moral and spiritual revival of Muslim society are highlighted. The article is edited by Annemarie Schimmel, J.G.J. ter Haar, Yohanan Friedmann, and based on the research of prominent orientalists and mystics, as well as the published main texts of Maktubot. The results show that Maktubot has a special historical significance in the history of Sufism not only as a school of spiritual purification, but also as a socio-spiritual reform movement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Avazbek Ganiyev, Madina Akobirova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The impact of innovative pedagogical technologies and methodological strategies on the development of future teachers’ speech skills
The development of speech competence in future Arabic language teachers is a complex, multi-dimensional process that requires the integration of modern pedagogical technologies, innovative teaching methods, cultural-linguistic integration, digital tools, and reflective approaches. This study analyzes theoretical and practical approaches to forming communicative, discursive, pragmatic, and culturally appropriate oral skills in pre-service Arabic language teachers. An integrative model is proposed, consisting of motivational-cognitive, linguistic foundation, communicative-situational, discursive development, cultural-linguistic integration, technological innovation, and assessment-reflective stages. The model aims to ensure fluent, coherent, pragmatic, and technologically enriched speech, enhancing the professional and pedagogical competence of future teachers. Implementation of the model contributes to improving the quality of Arabic language education in general secondary schools and prepares competitive, professionally competent, and culturally aware educators.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mashhura Qodirova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
HADITH SOURCES IN THE HANAFI SCHOOL OF ISLAMIC LAW
The Hanafi school of Islamic law, founded by Imam Abu Hanifa (699–767 CE), is one of the most influential and widely practiced legal traditions within Sunni Islam. Despite the common assumption that the Hanafi madhhab places limited emphasis on Hadith, historical and textual evidence clearly demonstrates a strong, structured, and consistent engagement with Prophetic traditions. Hanafi jurists relied on Hadith as a fundamental source of law while applying rigorous methodological criteria to evaluate their authenticity and legal relevance. This article examines the principal Hadith sources used in the Hanafi school and analyzes the principles governing their acceptance and application. By exploring early Hanafi legal compilations, classical Sunni Hadith collections, and madhhab-specific Hadith works, the study highlights the central role of Hadith in Hanafi jurisprudence and clarifies the school’s distinctive and balanced legal methodology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Burkhan Akhmedov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
INTERPRETATION OF THE ASCETIC IDEAL IN HINDU RELIGIOUS SOURCES
This article analyzes the phenomenon of asceticism in Hinduism on the basis of ancient sacred texts. It examines the formation and development of the ascetic ideal in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Sannyasa Upanishads, as well as epic and Puranic literature. The study highlights the role of asceticism in Hindu religious thought, its interpretation as a primary means of attaining moksha, and its close connection with the four aims of life (kama, artha, dharma, and moksha) and the system of the four ashramas. The article explores the content of the stages of brahmacharya, grihastha, vanaprastha, and sannyasa, and analyzes classifications of ascetics such as parivrajaka, bhikshu, yati, yogin, paramahamsa, turiyatita, and avadhuta on the basis of primary sources. Furthermore, key concepts central to ascetic practice tapas, yoga, and states of ecstasy are interpreted from religious and philosophical perspectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gulnora Khudoyberganova (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE ROLE OF WESTERN SCHOLARS IN STUDYING THE LIFE AND SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF CENTRAL ASIAN SCHOLARS AND THINKERS
This article analyzes the period of scientific and cultural renaissance that took place in Central Asia between the 9th and 12th centuries. The paper highlights, in detail, the scientific heritage and works of great encyclopedic scholars who emerged from this region, such as Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Muhammad al-Khwarizmi, Ahmad al-Farghani, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Imam al-Bukhari, and Mahmud al-Zamakhshari. In addition, the article examines the contribution of Muslim scholars to medieval science and culture, as well as the scientific environment and cultural conditions of Central Asia. The study draws upon the scholarly works of foreign researchers such as G. E. Grunebaum, A. Metz, G. Sarton, M. Meyerhof, S. H. Nasr, and D. Hill, as well as Russian scholars including V. V. Bartold and O. G. Bolshakov.
Copyright (c) 2026 Masrur Rahimjonov (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0