Illegal Activities Of Terrorist Organizations

Authors

  • Muzaffar Adkhamov

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.57033/

Keywords:

terrorism, extremism, “Akromiya”, “Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami”, “Islam- ic Movement of Uzbekistan”, illegal religious activity, religious organization, state reg- istration, religious extremist materials, religious studies expertise, administrative liabil- ity, criminal liability, freedom of conscience, national security

Abstract

This article analyses the unlawful activities of the extremist and terrorist organizations “Akromiya”, “Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami” and the “Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan”, which attempted to operate clandestinely in the Republic of Uzbekistan from the first years of independence, in the light of the national legislation. Drawing on the norms of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations”, the Criminal Code and the Code of Admin- istrative Liability, as well as on specialised academic literature, the author identifies six principal categories of legal violation committed by these movements: operating with- out state registration; establishing and leading prohibited organizations; the unlawful production, importation and dissemination of religious materials; the holding of unau- thorised religious gatherings; participation in the activities of illegal religious commu- nities; and the incitement of others, including minors, to take part in such activities. The study demonstrates that the concealed nature of these groups is not an incidental feature but a direct consequence of the fact that their goals contradict the constitutional order, and concludes that the guarantees of freedom of conscience provided by the state leave no legitimate ground for clandestine religious activity.

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References

1. Code of Administrative Liability of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1994). Adopted on 22 September 1994 (as amended). Articles 184², 184³, 201, 202¹, 240¹. Tashkent. (in Uzbek)

2. Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2023). Adopted by the referendum of 30 April 2023. Article 71. Tashkent. (in Uzbek)

3. Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (1994). Adopted on 22 September 1994 (as amended). Articles 216², 244¹, 244², 244³. Tashkent. (in Uzbek)

4. International Crisis Group (2003). Radical Islam in Central Asia: Responding to Hizb ut-Tahrir. ICG Asia Report No. 58, 30 June 2003. Osh – Brussels. (in Russian)

5. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations” (2021). No. ZRU-682 of 5 July 2021. Articles 3, 10, 16. Tashkent. (in Uzbek)

6. Shermuxamedov, K. & Karimov, J. (2017). Islom niqobi ostidagi ekstremistik terrorchi uyushmalar [Extremist terrorist associations under the guise of Islam]: collection of materials. Tashkent: Tashkent Islamic University. (in Uzbek)

7. Shermuxamedov, K. A. & Karimov, J. A. (2018). Ekstremizm va terrorizmga qarshi kurashning ma’naviy-ma’rifiy asoslari [The spiritual and enlightenment foundations of countering extremism and terrorism]: textbook. Tashkent: “O‘zbekiston faylasuflari milliy jamiyati” nashriyoti. (in Uzbek)

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Published

2026-09-07

Issue

Section

International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities Research

How to Cite

Illegal Activities Of Terrorist Organizations. (2026). The Journal of Interdisciplinary Human Studies, 2(January Issue), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.57033/