Psychological and Pedagogical Foundations for the Development of Orthographic Skills: Stages of Writing Skill Formation and Analysis of Orthographic Errors

Abstract

This article examines the psychological and pedagogical foundations underlying the development of orthographic skills. It highlights the gradual formation of writing abilities in learners and emphasizes the role of attention, memory, phonemic awareness, graphic representation, and language sensitivity in mastering spelling. The development of orthographic skills is presented through three stages: the phonetic-analytical perception stage, the rule-based conscious application stage, and the automation stage. The study also provides a classification of orthographic errors, explains their psychological causes, and discusses effective methods for addressing and correcting them. The findings offer methodological recommendations to educators aimed at improving instructional practices and strengthening students’ spelling competence.